DNAmod: 5-(hydroxymethyl)cytosine

Description

A nucleobase analogue that is cytosine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by a hydroxymethyl group.

Chemical properties

Chemical formula	Net charge	Average mass
C5H7N3O2	0	141.12800

Recommended notation

Name	5-hydroxymethylcytosine
Abbreviation	5hmC
Symbol	h
Complement	guanine:5-hydroxymethylcytosine
Symbol	2

Nomenclature

IUPAC	SMILES	InChI	InChIKey	Synonyms
4-amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one	Nc1nc(=O)[nH]cc1CO	InChI=1S/C5H7N3O2/c6-4-3(2-9)1-7-5(10)8-4/h1,9H,2H2,(H3,6,7,8,10)	RYVNIFSIEDRLSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N	4-amino-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2(1h)-pyrimidinone 5-hydroxymethylcytosine

Mapping techniques

Method	Method detail	Resolution	Qualifier	References
(GLIB/CMS)-seq	chemical conversion and immunoprecipitation	low		Pastor, WA, et al. 2011. Genome-wide mapping of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in embryonic stem cells. Nature. 473(7347).
ACE-seq	enzyme-mediated chemical tagging	single-base	low-input	Schutsky, EK, et al. 2018. Nondestructive, base-resolution sequencing of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine using a DNA deaminase. Nature Biotechnology. .
Aba-seq	restriction endonuclease	high		Sun, Z, et al. 2013. High-resolution enzymatic mapping of genomic 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Reports. 3(2).
BS-seq	chemical conversion	single-base		Frommer, M, et al. 1992. A genomic sequencing protocol that yields a positive display of 5-methylcytosine residues in individual DNA strands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 89(5). Uhlmann, K, et al. 2002. Evaluation of a potential epigenetic biomarker by quantitative methyl-single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Electrophoresis. 23(24). Tost, J, et al. 2006. Serial pyrosequencing for quantitative DNA methylation analysis. BioTechniques. 40(6). Taylor, KH, et al. 2007. Ultradeep bisulfite sequencing analysis of DNA methylation patterns in multiple gene promoters by 454 sequencing. Cancer Research. 67(18). Tost, J, et al. 2007. DNA methylation analysis by pyrosequencing. Nature Protocols. 2(9). Lister, R, et al. 2009. Human DNA methylomes at base resolution show widespread epigenomic differences. Nature. 462(7271). Paul, DS, et al. 2014. Assessment of RainDrop BS-seq as a method for large-scale, targeted bisulfite sequencing. Epigenetics. 9(5).
CAM-seq	chemical tagging	single-base		Wang, Y, et al. 2019. Bisulfite-free, single base-resolution analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in genomic DNA by chemical-mediated mismatch. Chemical Science. 10(2).
CAPS	chemical conversion	single-base		Liu, Y, et al. 2019. Bisulfite-free direct detection of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at base resolution. Nature Biotechnology. 37(4).
DMAB-seq	DNMT1 conversion	single-base	CpG contexts only	Takahashi, S, et al. 2015. A novel method to analyze 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in CpG sequences using maintenance DNA methyltransferase, DNMT1. FEBS Open Bio. 5.
HELP assay	restriction endonuclease	low	microarray probes	Khulan, B, et al. 2006. Comparative isoschizomer profiling of cytosine methylation: the HELP assay. Genome Research. 16(8).
HMST-seq	restriction endonuclease	low		Gao, F, et al. 2013. Integrated detection of both 5-mC and 5-hmC by high-throughput tag sequencing technology highlights methylation reprogramming of bivalent genes during cellular differentiation. Epigenetics. 8(4).
HPoxBS	chemical conversion	single-base	strand-specific	Giehr, P, et al. 2018. Two are better than one: HPoxBS - hairpin oxidative bisulfite sequencing. Nucleic Acids Research. 46(15).
Jump-seq	chemical tagging	high		Hu, L, et al. 2019. Jump-seq: Genome-Wide Capture and Amplification of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Sites. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 141(22).
MBD-seq	affinity-based	low		Serre, D, et al. 2009. MBD-isolated Genome Sequencing provides a high-throughput and comprehensive survey of DNA methylation in the human genome. Nucleic Acids Research. 38(2).
MRE-seq	affinity-based	low		Maunakea, AK, et al. 2010. Conserved role of intragenic DNA methylation in regulating alternative promoters. Nature. 466(7303).
Maxam–Gilbert sequencing		single-base		Maxam, AM, et al. 1977. A new method for sequencing DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74(2). Münzel, M, et al. 2010. Chemical discrimination between dC and 5MedC via their hydroxylamine adducts. Nucleic Acids Research. 38(21). Wang, T, et al. 2013. Application of N-halogeno-N-sodiobenzenesulfonamide reagents to the selective detection of 5-methylcytosine in DNA sequences. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 135(4). Huang, R, et al. 2013. A novel combined bisulfite UDG assay for selective 5-methylcytosine detection. Talanta. 117.
MeDIP-seq	affinity-based	low		Pomraning, KR, et al. 2008. Genome-wide high throughput analysis of DNA methylation in eukaryotes. Methods (San Diego, Calif.). 47(3).
Methyl-MAPS	affinity-based	low		Edwards, JR, et al. 2010. Chromatin and sequence features that define the fine and gross structure of genomic methylation patterns. Genome Research. 20(7).
Methyl-seq	restriction endonuclease	low		Brunner, AL, et al. 2009. Distinct DNA methylation patterns characterize differentiated human embryonic stem cells and developing human fetal liver. Genome Research. 19(6).
MethylCap-seq	affinity-based	low	salt gradient stratification	Brinkman, AB, et al. 2010. Whole-genome DNA methylation profiling using MethylCap-seq. Methods (San Diego, Calif.). 52(3).
MspJI recognition	restriction endonuclease	low	specific fragments	Cohen-Karni, D, et al. 2011. The MspJI family of modification-dependent restriction endonucleases for epigenetic studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108(27).
PBAT	chemical conversion	single-base		Miura, F, et al. 2012. Amplification-free whole-genome bisulfite sequencing by post-bisulfite adaptor tagging. Nucleic Acids Research. 40(17).
Pvu-seal-seq	enzyme-mediated chemical tagging	single-base		Sun, Z, et al. 2015. A sensitive approach to map genome-wide 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and 5-formylcytosine at single-base resolution. Molecular Cell. 57(4).
RRBS	chemical conversion	single-base	methylation-insensitive restriction digestion	Meissner, A, et al. 2008. Genome-scale DNA methylation maps of pluripotent and differentiated cells. Nature. 454(7205). Smith, ZD, et al. 2009. High-throughput bisulfite sequencing in mammalian genomes. Methods (San Diego, Calif.). 48(3). Gu, H, et al. 2010. Genome-scale DNA methylation mapping of clinical samples at single-nucleotide resolution. Nature Methods. 7(2). Gu, H, et al. 2011. Preparation of reduced representation bisulfite sequencing libraries for genome-scale DNA methylation profiling. Nature Protocols. 6(4).
RRHP	restriction endonuclease	high	restriction digestion	Petterson, A, et al. 2014. RRHP: a tag-based approach for 5-hydroxymethylcytosine mapping at single-site resolution. Genome Biology. 15(9).
SMRT	direct detection	single-base	target sequences	Flusberg, BA, et al. 2010. Direct detection of DNA methylation during single-molecule, real-time sequencing. Nature Methods. 7(6).
SMRT-BS	chemical conversion	single-base	target sequences	Yang, Y, et al. 2015. Quantitative and multiplexed DNA methylation analysis using long-read single-molecule real-time bisulfite sequencing (SMRT-BS). BMC Genomics. 16.
TAB-seq	chemical conversion	single-base		Yu, M, et al. 2012. Base-resolution analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the mammalian genome. Cell. 149(6).
TAPS	chemical conversion	single-base		Liu, Y, et al. 2019. Bisulfite-free direct detection of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at base resolution. Nature Biotechnology. 37(4).
TAmC-seq	chemical tagging	high		Zhang, L, et al. 2013. Tet-mediated covalent labelling of 5-methylcytosine for its genome-wide detection and sequencing. Nature Communications. 4.
TOP-seq	enzyme-mediated chemical tagging	high	target sequences	Staševskij, Z, et al. 2017. Tethered Oligonucleotide-Primed Sequencing, TOP-Seq: A High-Resolution Economical Approach for DNA Epigenome Profiling. Molecular Cell. 65(3).
Tn5mC-seq	chemical conversion	single-base		Adey, A, et al. 2012. Ultra-low-input, tagmentation-based whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. Genome Research. 22(6).
cfMeDIP-seq	affinity-based	low	low-input	Shen, SY, et al. 2018. Sensitive tumour detection and classification using plasma cell-free DNA methylomes. Nature. 563(7732). Shen, SY, et al. 2019. Preparation of cfMeDIP-seq libraries for methylome profiling of plasma cell-free DNA. Nature Protocols. 14(10).
hMeDIP-seq	affinity-based	low		Williams, K, et al. 2011. TET1 and hydroxymethylcytosine in transcription and DNA methylation fidelity. Nature. 473(7347). Ficz, G, et al. 2011. Dynamic regulation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mouse ES cells and during differentiation. Nature. 473(7347).
hmC-CATCH	chemical conversion	single-base	low-input	Zeng, H, et al. 2018. Bisulfite-Free, Nanoscale Analysis of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine at Single Base Resolution. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 140(41).
lrTAPS	chemical conversion	single-base		Liu, Y, et al. 2020. Accurate targeted long-read DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation sequencing with TAPS. Genome Biology. 21(1).
nanopore	direct detection	single-base	target sequences	Wallace, EV, et al. 2010. Identification of epigenetic DNA modifications with a protein nanopore. Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England). 46(43). Wanunu, M, et al. 2010. Discrimination of methylcytosine from hydroxymethylcytosine in DNA molecules. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133(3). Zahid, OK, et al. 2016. Quantifying mammalian genomic DNA hydroxymethylcytosine content using solid-state nanopores. Scientific Reports. 6. Johnson, RP, et al. 2017. Dynamics of a DNA Mismatch Site Held in Confinement Discriminate Epigenetic Modifications of Cytosine. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 139(7). Rand, AC, et al. 2017. Mapping DNA methylation with high-throughput nanopore sequencing. Nature Methods. 14(4).
peroxotungstate-mediated oxidation	chemical conversion	single-base		Hayashi, G, et al. 2016. Base-Resolution Analysis of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine by One-Pot Bisulfite-Free Chemical Conversion with Peroxotungstate. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 138(43).
sulfur/selenium tagging	chemical tagging	high		Liutkevičiūtė, Z, et al. 2011. Methyltransferase-directed derivatization of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in DNA. Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English). 50(9).
tungsten-oxidation	chemical conversion	single-base		Okamoto, A, et al. 2011. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine-selective oxidation with peroxotungstate. Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England). 47(40).
β-GT–based tagging	chemical tagging	high		Song, CX, et al. 2010. Selective chemical labeling reveals the genome-wide distribution of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Nature Biotechnology. 29(1). Szwagierczak, A, et al. 2010. Sensitive enzymatic quantification of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in genomic DNA. Nucleic Acids Research. 38(19). Song, CX, et al. 2011. Detection of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in DNA by transferring a keto-glucose by using T4 phage β-glucosyltransferase. Chembiochem : A European Journal of Chemical Biology. 12(11). Robertson, AB, et al. 2011. A novel method for the efficient and selective identification of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in genomic DNA. Nucleic Acids Research. 39(8). Bhattacharyya, S, et al. 2013. Genome-wide hydroxymethylation tested using the HELP-GT assay shows redistribution in cancer. Nucleic Acids Research. 41(16). Han, D, et al. 2016. A Highly Sensitive and Robust Method for Genome-wide 5hmC Profiling of Rare Cell Populations. Molecular Cell. 63(4).

Nature

Origin	Function	Functional detail	Organisms	References
natural	demethylation intermediate and epigenetic mark		Homo sapiens Mus musculus	Song, CX, et al. 2013. Potential functional roles of DNA demethylation intermediates. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 38(10). Bachman, M, et al. 2014. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is a predominantly stable DNA modification. Nature Chemistry. 6(12).

Database references:

CHEBI:76792

Citations

Adey, A, et al. 2012. Ultra-low-input, tagmentation-based whole-genome bisulfite sequencing. Genome Research. 22(6).
Bachman, M, et al. 2014. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine is a predominantly stable DNA modification. Nature Chemistry. 6(12).
Bhattacharyya, S, et al. 2013. Genome-wide hydroxymethylation tested using the HELP-GT assay shows redistribution in cancer. Nucleic Acids Research. 41(16).
Brinkman, AB, et al. 2010. Whole-genome DNA methylation profiling using MethylCap-seq. Methods (San Diego, Calif.). 52(3).
Brunner, AL, et al. 2009. Distinct DNA methylation patterns characterize differentiated human embryonic stem cells and developing human fetal liver. Genome Research. 19(6).
Cao, Z, et al. 2013. Dynamic reprogramming of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine during early porcine embryogenesis. Theriogenology. 81(3).
Cohen-Karni, D, et al. 2011. The MspJI family of modification-dependent restriction endonucleases for epigenetic studies. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108(27).
Edwards, JR, et al. 2010. Chromatin and sequence features that define the fine and gross structure of genomic methylation patterns. Genome Research. 20(7).
Fang, K, et al. 2016. [Advances on the profiling of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine]. Yi Chuan = Hereditas. 38(3).
Ficz, G, et al. 2011. Dynamic regulation of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mouse ES cells and during differentiation. Nature. 473(7347).
Flusberg, BA, et al. 2010. Direct detection of DNA methylation during single-molecule, real-time sequencing. Nature Methods. 7(6).
Frommer, M, et al. 1992. A genomic sequencing protocol that yields a positive display of 5-methylcytosine residues in individual DNA strands. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 89(5).
Gao, F, et al. 2013. Integrated detection of both 5-mC and 5-hmC by high-throughput tag sequencing technology highlights methylation reprogramming of bivalent genes during cellular differentiation. Epigenetics. 8(4).
Giehr, P, et al. 2018. Two are better than one: HPoxBS - hairpin oxidative bisulfite sequencing. Nucleic Acids Research. 46(15).
Gu, H, et al. 2010. Genome-scale DNA methylation mapping of clinical samples at single-nucleotide resolution. Nature Methods. 7(2).
Gu, H, et al. 2011. Preparation of reduced representation bisulfite sequencing libraries for genome-scale DNA methylation profiling. Nature Protocols. 6(4).
Han, D, et al. 2016. A Highly Sensitive and Robust Method for Genome-wide 5hmC Profiling of Rare Cell Populations. Molecular Cell. 63(4).
Hayashi, G, et al. 2016. Base-Resolution Analysis of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine by One-Pot Bisulfite-Free Chemical Conversion with Peroxotungstate. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 138(43).
Hu, J, et al. 2013. Discrimination between 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and 5-methylcytosine in DNA by selective chemical labeling. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters. 24(1).
Hu, L, et al. 2019. Jump-seq: Genome-Wide Capture and Amplification of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine Sites. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 141(22).
Huang, R, et al. 2013. A novel combined bisulfite UDG assay for selective 5-methylcytosine detection. Talanta. 117.
Ito, S, et al. 2011. Tet proteins can convert 5-methylcytosine to 5-formylcytosine and 5-carboxylcytosine. Science (New York, N.Y.). 333(6047).
Johnson, RP, et al. 2017. Dynamics of a DNA Mismatch Site Held in Confinement Discriminate Epigenetic Modifications of Cytosine. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 139(7).
Khulan, B, et al. 2006. Comparative isoschizomer profiling of cytosine methylation: the HELP assay. Genome Research. 16(8).
Kizaki, S, et al. 2013. CGmCGCG is a versatile substrate with which to evaluate Tet protein activity. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry. 12(1).
Kizaki, S, et al. 2015. Identification of Sequence Specificity of 5-Methylcytosine Oxidation by Tet1 Protein with High-Throughput Sequencing. Chembiochem : A European Journal of Chemical Biology. 17(5).
Larson, AR, et al. 2014. Loss of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine correlates with increasing morphologic dysplasia in melanocytic tumors. Modern Pathology : An Official Journal of the United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology, Inc. 27(7).
Lister, R, et al. 2009. Human DNA methylomes at base resolution show widespread epigenomic differences. Nature. 462(7271).
Liu, Y, et al. 2019. Bisulfite-free direct detection of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine at base resolution. Nature Biotechnology. 37(4).
Liu, Y, et al. 2020. Accurate targeted long-read DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation sequencing with TAPS. Genome Biology. 21(1).
Liutkevičiūtė, Z, et al. 2011. Methyltransferase-directed derivatization of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in DNA. Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English). 50(9).
Maunakea, AK, et al. 2010. Conserved role of intragenic DNA methylation in regulating alternative promoters. Nature. 466(7303).
Maxam, AM, et al. 1977. A new method for sequencing DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 74(2).
Meissner, A, et al. 2008. Genome-scale DNA methylation maps of pluripotent and differentiated cells. Nature. 454(7205).
Miura, F, et al. 2012. Amplification-free whole-genome bisulfite sequencing by post-bisulfite adaptor tagging. Nucleic Acids Research. 40(17).
Münzel, M, et al. 2010. Chemical discrimination between dC and 5MedC via their hydroxylamine adducts. Nucleic Acids Research. 38(21).
Nestor, CE, et al. 2013. Investigating 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC): the state of the art. Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.). 1094.
Okamoto, A, et al. 2011. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine-selective oxidation with peroxotungstate. Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England). 47(40).
Pastor, WA, et al. 2011. Genome-wide mapping of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in embryonic stem cells. Nature. 473(7347).
Paul, DS, et al. 2014. Assessment of RainDrop BS-seq as a method for large-scale, targeted bisulfite sequencing. Epigenetics. 9(5).
Petterson, A, et al. 2014. RRHP: a tag-based approach for 5-hydroxymethylcytosine mapping at single-site resolution. Genome Biology. 15(9).
Pomraning, KR, et al. 2008. Genome-wide high throughput analysis of DNA methylation in eukaryotes. Methods (San Diego, Calif.). 47(3).
Rand, AC, et al. 2017. Mapping DNA methylation with high-throughput nanopore sequencing. Nature Methods. 14(4).
Robertson, AB, et al. 2011. A novel method for the efficient and selective identification of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in genomic DNA. Nucleic Acids Research. 39(8).
Schutsky, EK, et al. 2018. Nondestructive, base-resolution sequencing of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine using a DNA deaminase. Nature Biotechnology. .
Serre, D, et al. 2009. MBD-isolated Genome Sequencing provides a high-throughput and comprehensive survey of DNA methylation in the human genome. Nucleic Acids Research. 38(2).
Shen, SY, et al. 2018. Sensitive tumour detection and classification using plasma cell-free DNA methylomes. Nature. 563(7732).
Shen, SY, et al. 2019. Preparation of cfMeDIP-seq libraries for methylome profiling of plasma cell-free DNA. Nature Protocols. 14(10).
Smith, ZD, et al. 2009. High-throughput bisulfite sequencing in mammalian genomes. Methods (San Diego, Calif.). 48(3).
Song, CX, et al. 2010. Selective chemical labeling reveals the genome-wide distribution of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Nature Biotechnology. 29(1).
Song, CX, et al. 2011. Detection of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in DNA by transferring a keto-glucose by using T4 phage β-glucosyltransferase. Chembiochem : A European Journal of Chemical Biology. 12(11).
Song, CX, et al. 2013. Potential functional roles of DNA demethylation intermediates. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 38(10).
Staševskij, Z, et al. 2017. Tethered Oligonucleotide-Primed Sequencing, TOP-Seq: A High-Resolution Economical Approach for DNA Epigenome Profiling. Molecular Cell. 65(3).
Sun, W, et al. 2014. 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-mediated DNA demethylation in stem cells and development. Stem Cells and Development. 23(9).
Sun, Z, et al. 2013. High-resolution enzymatic mapping of genomic 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Reports. 3(2).
Sun, Z, et al. 2015. A sensitive approach to map genome-wide 5-hydroxymethylcytosine and 5-formylcytosine at single-base resolution. Molecular Cell. 57(4).
Szwagierczak, A, et al. 2010. Sensitive enzymatic quantification of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in genomic DNA. Nucleic Acids Research. 38(19).
Tahiliani, M, et al. 2009. Conversion of 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in mammalian DNA by MLL partner TET1. Science (New York, N.Y.). 324(5929).
Takahashi, S, et al. 2015. A novel method to analyze 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in CpG sequences using maintenance DNA methyltransferase, DNMT1. FEBS Open Bio. 5.
Taylor, KH, et al. 2007. Ultradeep bisulfite sequencing analysis of DNA methylation patterns in multiple gene promoters by 454 sequencing. Cancer Research. 67(18).
Tost, J, et al. 2006. Serial pyrosequencing for quantitative DNA methylation analysis. BioTechniques. 40(6).
Tost, J, et al. 2007. DNA methylation analysis by pyrosequencing. Nature Protocols. 2(9).
Uhlmann, K, et al. 2002. Evaluation of a potential epigenetic biomarker by quantitative methyl-single nucleotide polymorphism analysis. Electrophoresis. 23(24).
Wallace, EV, et al. 2010. Identification of epigenetic DNA modifications with a protein nanopore. Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England). 46(43).
Wang, T, et al. 2013. Application of N-halogeno-N-sodiobenzenesulfonamide reagents to the selective detection of 5-methylcytosine in DNA sequences. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 135(4).
Wang, Y, et al. 2019. Bisulfite-free, single base-resolution analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in genomic DNA by chemical-mediated mismatch. Chemical Science. 10(2).
Wanunu, M, et al. 2010. Discrimination of methylcytosine from hydroxymethylcytosine in DNA molecules. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133(3).
Williams, K, et al. 2011. TET1 and hydroxymethylcytosine in transcription and DNA methylation fidelity. Nature. 473(7347).
Yang, Y, et al. 2015. Quantitative and multiplexed DNA methylation analysis using long-read single-molecule real-time bisulfite sequencing (SMRT-BS). BMC Genomics. 16.
Yu, M, et al. 2012. Base-resolution analysis of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in the mammalian genome. Cell. 149(6).
Yuan, F, et al. 2016. Ultrasensitive determination of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine in genomic DNA by sheathless interfaced capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England). 52(13).
Zahid, OK, et al. 2016. Quantifying mammalian genomic DNA hydroxymethylcytosine content using solid-state nanopores. Scientific Reports. 6.
Zeng, H, et al. 2018. Bisulfite-Free, Nanoscale Analysis of 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine at Single Base Resolution. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 140(41).
Zhang, L, et al. 2013. Tet-mediated covalent labelling of 5-methylcytosine for its genome-wide detection and sequencing. Nature Communications. 4.
Zhang, LY, et al. 2016. 5-Hydroxymethylcytosine expression is associated with poor survival in cervical squamous cell carcinoma. Japanese Journal of Clinical Oncology. 46(5).